Blog Post

SUPREME COURT SAYS FEDERAL WORKERS CAN SUE OVER “ANY” AGE BIAS

Jeremy Thompson - Senior Attorney • April 8, 2020


On April 6, 2020 the United States Supreme Court ruled that federal government employees can sue for age discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”) when age bias merely taints the decision-making process, not only when age bias plays a determinative “but for” role in the employment decision. Babb v. Wilkie, Secretary of Veteran Affairs, ---S.Ct.---, 2020 WL 1668281 (Apr. 6, 2020). “If age discrimination plays any part in the way a decision is made, then the decision is not made in a way that is untainted by such discrimination.”


The Court in an 8-1 decision agreed with Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) pharmacist Noris Babb that the requirement in the ADEA that federal agencies’ personnel decisions be “made free from” bias means that age cannot be used as a factor. The Court’s decision focused on the federal-sector provision of the ADEA, 29 U.S.C. § 633a(a), which does not apply to private or state and local government employees and, which now, is seemingly broader than its counterpart.


The ADEA prohibits employers from discriminating against employees or from taking adverse employment actions against employees “because of an individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. § 623. That statute pertains to private or state and local government employees. To prove an age discrimination claim under that statute, those employees must demonstrate that the adverse employment action would not have occurred “but for” age bias. The language in the federal sector statute applicable is different. There, the provision applicable to federal employees states: “All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment who are at least 40 years of age… shall be made free from any discrimination based on age.” 29 U.S.C. § 633a(a). Justice Samuel Alito, writing for the Court, wrote in the opinion that the language in Section 633a is broader than the language in Section 623, and that it was: 


  • [N]ot anomalous to hold the Federal Government to a stricter standard than private employers or state and local governments. When Congress expanded the ADEA’s scope beyond private employers, it added state and local governments to the definition of employers in the private-sector provision. But it ‘deliberately prescribed a distinct statutory scheme applicable only to the federal sector,’ eschewing the private-sector provision language. That Congress would want to hold the Federal Government to a higher standard is not unusual. 


Justice Clarence Thomas was the lone dissenting judge. In his dissent, Justice Thomas said the Court had departed from the general rule that discrimination must be the sole cause of an employment decision for it to be actionable, but it had not cited any language in the ADEA that creates such an exception. The Court’s new rule, Justice Thomas wrote, “is so broad that a plaintiff could bring a cause of action even if he is ultimately promoted or hired over a younger applicant.”


In her 2014 lawsuit filed in a federal court in Florida, Babb claimed that the VA denied her promotions and training opportunities that were granted to younger colleagues, which violated the ADEA. The District Court subsequently found, evaluating Babb’s claim under the burden-shifting framework outlined in McDonnell Douglas Corp v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), that Babb had established a prima facie case, that the VA had proffered legitimate reasons for the challenged actions, and that no jury could reasonably conclude that those reasons were pretextual.


Babb appealed the District Court’s dismissal of her claim to the Eleventh Circuit U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. On appeal, Babb contended that under the terms of the ADEA's federal-sector provision, a personnel action is unlawful if age is a factor in the challenged decision. As a result, she explained that even if the VA's proffered reasons were not pretextual, it would not necessarily follow that age discrimination played no part.  The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the District Court’s decision finding that Babb’s argument was foreclosed by Circuit. Notably, however, the Eleventh Circuit added that it might have agreed with her if it were “writing on a clean slate.”


Although the Supreme Court found that while could Babb establish that the VA violated Section 633a(a) without proving that age was a but-for cause of the VA’s personnel actions, Babb agreed, and the Supreme Court acknowledged that the but-for causation was important in determining the appropriate remedy. “It is bedrock law that ‘requested relief’ must ‘redress the alleged injury.’” Therefore, Section 633a(a) plaintiffs who demonstrate only that they were subjected to unequal consideration cannot obtain reinstatement, backpay, compensatory damages, or other forms of relief related to the end result of an employment decision. To obtain such remedies, these plaintiffs must show that age discrimination was a but-for cause of the employment outcome. If plaintiffs demonstrate that age was a but-for cause of differential treatment in an employment decision but not a but-for cause of the decision itself, there is still a remedy. In that situation, plaintiffs can seek injunctive or other forward-looking relief that a district court deems appropriate. 


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Many federal probationary do not fully understand their employee rights, and such rights are often not fully explained by federal agencies to employees. A probationary period takes place in the competitive service and a “trial period” is often used to describe a similar period in the excepted service. In both cases, the purpose is to provide a federal agency with the opportunity to assess if the employee will be an asset to the government prior to finalization of the appointment. No matter how thoroughly an employer interviews a potential employee and checks his or her references, there are bound to be surprises when a new employee begins working for an employer. Sure, some of the surprises may be good. Perhaps the employee is very personable and is an exceptional learner. On the other hand, the surprises may be bad such as when an employee is consistently tardy or when an employee is unable to work in partnership with other employees. 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OPM issued fewer regulations that apply to the excepted service; however, those agencies possess the ability to issue their own regulations and policies governing such employment. Removals for Conditions Arising Before the Appointment Pre-appointment conditions involve something that transpired prior to hiring, such as lying about the employee’s background or falsifying a resume. When a probationer in the competitive service is removed for conditions arising before appointment, the individual is entitled to: Advance written notice stating the reasons, specifically and in detail, for the proposed action. Reasonable time for filing a written response to the notice of proposed adverse action. If the employee responds, the agency shall consider the answer in reaching its decision. Written notice of the agency’s decision in writing, which informs the employee of the reasons for the action, informs the employee of his right of appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board and the related time limit to file an appeal. See 5 CFR § 315.805 An appeal of a decision to remove an employee from federal service due to conditions arising before the appointment typically involves allegations that the removal did not comply with those requirements. However, the employee may also appeal the removal decision for the reasons set forth in 5 CFR § 315.806, i.e., if the removal was based on partisan political reasons or marital status. If the appeal is based on marital status, the employee must prove that the removal was based on marital status discrimination. Partisan political cases allege that the removal was based on the employee’s political beliefs or support. 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For example, per TSA policy, at any point during the basic trial period when a supervisor determines that an employee’s performance or conduct is unacceptable, the supervisor may initiate a removal. The notice of removal must be in writing and briefly states the underlying reason(s) for the removal and the effective date. There are no other requirements and the employee does not have appeal or grievance rights with respect to the removal. Other Options for Probationary Employees There are several other options for removed probationary employees. If the employee believes the removal was discriminatory and based on race, religion, national origin, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sex stereotyping), age, disability, genetic information, and/or reprisal, the employee can file an Equal Employment Opportunity complaint. 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